> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://cover-docs.diffblue.com/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://cover-docs.diffblue.com/features/cover-cli/writing-tests/partial-tests.md).

# Creating partial tests

## About partial tests

Normally, `dcover create` will create *complete* tests for a method. A complete test consists of Arrange, Act, and Assert sections and passes when executed. However, sometimes Diffblue Cover is not (yet) able to write complete tests and will give the reason for not creating complete tests in the output summary. In these cases, you can opt to retrain the *partial* tests created by Cover using the `--keep-partial-tests` option. Partial tests may be incomplete in various aspects:

* The test does not have assertions.
* The test does not always pass when executed.
* The Arrange or Act sections produce an error when executed.
* The test may execute code that is potentially harmful to your system, leaks resources, or times out.

Creating partial tests is useful to developers for two reasons:

* Firstly, it will save developers time. Instead of writing tests from scratch, they'll be able to use the partial tests as a starting point.
* Secondly, it may help developers understand why Diffblue Cover was not able to *complete* the test automatically, especially in cases where the reason for not producing a test is lack of testability.

{% hint style="info" %}
Note that manually modified tests in test class files that are controlled by Diffblue (e.g. those suffixed with `DiffblueTest`) may be overwritten when running Cover the next time.
{% endhint %}

For example, for method `increment` in the following class:

```java
public class MyClass {
  private int x;
  public void increment() {
    ++x;
  }
}
```

Using `dcover create --keep-partial-tests`, Cover will create a *partial* test:

```java
  @Test
  public void testIncrement() {
    // TODO: This test is incomplete.
    //   Reason: R002 Missing observers.
    //   Diffblue Cover was unable to create an assertion.
    //   Add getters for the following fields or make them package-private:
    //     MyClass.x

    // Arrange
    MyClass m = new MyClass();

    // Act
    m.increment();
  }
```

The problem is clearly that Diffblue Cover has no opportunity to assert on the side effect of the `increment` method on field `x`, which is marked `private`. The developer could add a getter to `MyClass`:

```java
public class MyClass {
  private int x;
  public void increment() {
    ++x;
  }
  public int getX() {
    return x;
  }
}
```

Running `dcover create` again (with or without `--keep-partial-tests`) would now create a complete test.