> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://cover-docs.diffblue.com/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://cover-docs.diffblue.com/features/output-codes/working-with-output-codes/working-with-code-r005.md).

# Working with code R005

**R005 - Unable to load class**

The output code R005 generally means that we tried to load a class (e.g. a parameter type) in order to write a test, but failed to do so. This can occur in the context of unit tests for Spring, Java Enterprise Edition (and a few other examples) since some Maven/Gradle dependencies are not available at `test` scope.

An additional reason that classes fail to load can be when the class in question has previously caused an R006 because the static initializer failed to run - often because it attempted to perform an I/O operation that Cover blocked, or timed out. If you've also seen an R006 for the same class then try to address that first by minimizing static initializer logic.

## What’s a scope?

A Maven `pom.xml` file or a Gradle build script (`build.gradle` or `build.gradle.kts`) specifies the steps necessary to create a software artifact from the source code. This includes managing the dependencies on third-party libraries and frameworks.\
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Both Maven and Gradle allow us to define different groups of dependencies. These dependency groups are called "scopes" in Maven and "configurations" in Gradle. Diffblue Cover uses `test` scopes / configurations.

## Maven Scope Dependencies

The dependency scopes available to Diffblue are: `compile (default)`, `runtime`, `test` and `provided`. However, the `provided` scope is not transitive, which may be a cause of R005 errors. If Diffblue Cover reports that a class indirectly included by a dependency is missing, you can try to resolve this issue by including an additional reference to this indirect dependency at `test` scope.

For further information on Maven dependency scopes, please see: [Maven dependencies](https://maven.apache.org/pom.html#Dependencies)

## Gradle Configuration Dependencies

Again, you must use the correct dependency configurations to avoid receiving the output code R005.

For further information on Gradle dependency configurations, please see: [Gradle Configuration Dependencies](https://docs.gradle.org/current/dsl/org.gradle.api.artifacts.Configuration.html)